Syntactic complexity (SC) is an important construct for gauging L2 writing proficiency. Previous studies, including Biber et al. (2016) and Dong et al. (2023), have largely focused on syntactic elaboration and disregarded syntactic diversity. This study investigates how academic writing proficiency is associated with SC, through an evaluation of both the variety and elaboration of sentence structures. To that end, a corpus of the abstract sections of MA theses, PhD dissertations, and empirical research articles in applied linguistics produced by Iranian English medium academic writers was compiled. Drawing on automated text analysis tools (Stanford Core NLP and L2 SC analyzer), we measured syntactic elaboration and diversity of the texts written by three distinct sets of academic authors. The results indicated that phrasal and global measures of syntactic elaboration significantly predicted academic writing proficiency in both novice and expert writers. The results of the second phase of the study indicated that the incorporation of syntactic diversity measure considerably increased the predictive power of the model. The pedagogical implications of the findings for academic writing instruction through consciousness-raising activities for both novice and expert writers are discussed.

This study aims to draw a comparison of Visual skills and Decision-Making accuracy between expert and novice Basketball referees. 38 male referees took part in the research and were divided into two groups of experts and novices (Each group consisting of 19 people). Participants took part in a video test and their decision-making accuracy was registered through a clip test. In another part of this research peripheral vision skill, vergence, speed of eye saccadic movement and facility of accommodation in both groups were evaluated. In order to analyze data, Independent t-test and multivariate logistic regression used. Results showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups in their decision-making accuracy, facility of accommodation and speed of eye saccadic movement but there is no significant difference in their vergence and peripheral vision skill. And also results of multivariate logistic regression analysis with stepwise method showed that speed of eye saccadic movement and facility of accommodation were significant variables for research criteria (decision making skill) respectively. expert referees may be able to extract more relevant decision-making information from the same visual field as compared to the novice referees that will help to make more accurate decisions. Speed of eye saccadic movement and facility of accommodation had important role in extracting information from visual field.

The aim of this study was compared the effect of observation of novice, expert, and mixed models, in motor-cognitive task learning for 3-ball cascade juggle. The participants were 40 female students aged 19 to 25 who had never juggling. They were divided in to four matched groups after pre-test: novice model observation group, expert, mixed and physical practice group. expert model observation group watched a video executing the skill by a skilled person. novice model observation group watched a video executing the skill by a novice and mixed model watched both videos. The research was done in six weeks. Three phases were down, pree test, acquisition, retention and transfer. Data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA (P<0. 05). There was used of mauchly's test of sphericity, Scheffe post hoc test, tukey test and greenhouse geisser test too. The result was show that novice model observation was better than other groups during the acquisition, retention and transfer phase but in the transfer test it was not significant. Finally, this research is show that the use of novice model is Beneficial for motor-cognitive skills learning.

This non-experimental study aimed to determine whether Iranian novice and expert EFL teachers had differing attitudes regarding professional identity (PI). It also measured if gender and various social statuses of high, mid, and low had any mediating role in novice and expert teachers’ attitudes toward PI. Therefore, a 20-item PI questionnaire to which demographic variables of teaching experience, gender, and social status were attached was distributed through various means, including emails, social media platforms, and personal contacts due to sanitary protocols and during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. These results indicate that regardless of experience level, gender, or social status, teachers' attitudes toward professional identity remain consistent. The study suggests that factors such as gender and social status do not play a significant role in shaping teachers' perceptions of their professional identity. Also, the findings of the study can be beneficial for teachers by highlighting that their attitudes toward professional identity are not significantly influenced by gender or social status. This can help alleviate concerns or biases related to these factors and encourage teachers to focus on their individual growth and development.

Background&Purpose: One of the factors that potentially influence on the postural tremor and performance of goal-directed tasks is fatigue. The present study was designed to determine the effect of upper limb locality fatigue on performance indicators skilled and novice shooters as a function of the supra-postural goals and movement automaticity mechanisms. Methodology: performance and postural sway variability rate of two groups of novice shooters (23. 33 ± 2. 40 years) and skilled shooters (24. 60± 3. 38 years) during two trials in 60 seconds before and after isotonic fatigue intensity of 40%-60%-70%-80% MVIC was compare. Shooting performance based on the measurement error in the two-dimensional situations (Radial Error, Subject-Centroid Radial Error and Bivariate Variable Error) was analyzed. recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) for comparison nonlinear dynamics of postural sway participants and the parameter median of data EMG and Borg scale of perceived fatigue as an indicator of fatigue was used. To determine the effect of fatigue on the performance indicators and variability variables, analysis of variance with repeated measures was used. Results: The results showed that with increased fatigue performance of novice shooters significantly changed (p0. 05). analysis of Shooting performance in condition exert of locality fatigue represents a significant reduction in the average components variability of postural sway skilled shooters in two direction of anterior-posterior and mediolateral. Conclusion: supra-postural tasks on the focuses attention externally has a powerful effect on the performance and can minimize the effects of individual limitations in skilled shooters.

Purpose: Fast saccadic movements are essential in successful performance of referees and their decision making in sports events. The aim of this study is to determine the velocity of saccadic eye movements of basketball referees by dynamic electero-oculogram.Methods: This study was performed on twelve male expert basketball referees and fourteen novice basketball referees with age range of 18 to 38 years. Refractive errors and visual acuity test were performed for all participants. Velocity of saccadic for the angle of 40 degrees (20 degrees to the right and 20 degrees to the left) was evaluated by dynamic electero-oculogram (EOG). Statistical comparison between groups for the velocity of saccadic eye movements was performed by independent T-test.Results: The mean velocity of saccadic eye movements (gaze to right and left) in expert referees was 743.43±60, 732.00±40deg/sec and in novice referees was 669.64±87.1, 675.33±86 deg/sec, respectively, which the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Velocity of saccadic eye movements was faster in expert referees in comparison with novice referees.Conclusion: It seems that expert referees due to being more involved in dynamic exercise situation can predict better events based on environmental analysis and they have faster saccadic movements which may attributed to intensive practice and experience.